Microvascular surgery in endodontics

Microsurgery is defined as a surgical procedure on exceptionally small and complex structures with an operation microscope. The microscope enables the surgeon to assess pathological changes more precisely and to remove pathological lesions with far greater precision, thus minimizing tissue dam¬age during the surgery. This concurrent development of microscopic techniques has resulted in a new understanding of the apical anatomy, better surgical and apical resection techniques, better patient response, and greater treatment success. These developments have marked the beginning of the endodontic microsurgery era.